Английский язык — 14 вариант (6 заданий)

Variant 14

1. Translate the text (Переведите текст):

THE THREE STATES OF MATTER
We have already seen that substances can exist in the solid, liquid and gaseous states, but let us now try to appreciate the different conditions of the molecules in the three states. Water, whether it be (будь то) solid, liquid or gas, consist of similar molecules, but they have different restrictions (ограничения) put upon their movements in the different states.
In all three states the molecules are moving, i.e. they possess kinetic energy.
When a substance is heated the molecules move quicker: they are given more kinetic energy. Heat is the kinetic energy of the molecules. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules, for, at any instant, they do not all move with the same speed. If they did, their speeds would all be different the next instant due to collisions.

Рис. 1.1

Solids. In a solid the molecules are free to vibrate only about their main positions and cannot move about freely: the mutual effect of the molecules on each other binds them together. When a solid is heated, the molecules vibrate more quickly and so take up more room. Therefore expansion occurs. Further heating eventually gives them so much energy that they are able to break loose from the bonds which hold them together. This is melting and the molecules become free to move about.
The vibration of the molecules can be compared with that (the vibration) of a ball on the end of a piece of elastic. Quickening the vibrations causes it to go farther and finally to break the elastic “anchoring” it.
Liquids. The molecules in a liquid are free to move about but cannot, except under special circumstances, escape through the surface. Any molecule at the surface is attracted by molecules which are on one side of it only, and so exert a resultant inward force. To overcome this inward force, a molecule must have a high speed in the upward direction. A few of the fastest moving molecules may have just the necessary speed at the correct moment and so they will leave the liquid to become vapour molecules. This is evaporation.
Gases. The molecules in a gas have complete freedom and are confined only by the walls of the containing vessel. Their impacts with the walls constitute the pressure which a gas exerts. An increase in the speeds of the molecules, due to a rise in temperature, increase the effect of the impacts and so increase the pressure.
2. Ask 10 questions оn the text(составьте 10 различных вопросов по содержанию текста): General (общий) — 2, Special (специальный) — 3, Alternative (альтернативный) — 3, Disjunctive (разделительный) — 2:

3. Determine the tense form of the verbs and translate the sentences into Russian (определите время глагола-сказуемого и переведите предложения):
a. A new plant was built near the mountain Magnitnaya in a short period of time.
b. By using echoes coming back from the sea floor, the scientists mapped the shape of the Tuscarora deep.
c. They had been given new tasks before June, but they have not yet finished the work.

4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, принимая во внимание место предлога при бессоюзном подчинении:
a. The house he lived in was nice and comfortable.
b. The girl I danced with was my friend’s sister.
c. The report he delivered at the conference concerned chemistry.

5. Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the difference in the translation of the Objective Infinitive Construction and the Subjective Infinitive Construction (переведите предложения на русский язык, учитывая разницу в переводе инфинитивных конструкций):
a. I didn’t know her to sing so well.
b. The strong earthquake was reported to happen in the mountains of South America.
c. We consider Andrew to be worth to become the monitor of the group.

6. Translate the sentences into Russian (переведите предложения на русский язык):
a. If I were you, I wouldn’t trust this man.
b. If he looked critically at himself he would notice his mistakes.
c. If I win a large sum of money, I will buy a new car.

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